This map shows the Terrestrial Biomes, the eight major terrestrial biomes on Earth are each distinguished by characteristic temperatures and amount of precipitation. Comparing the annual totals of precipitation and fluctuations in precipitation from one biome to another provides clues as to the importance of abiotic factors in the distribution of biomes. Temperature variation on a daily and seasonal basis is also important for predicting the geographic distribution of the biome and the vegetation type in the biome. The distribution of these biomes shows that the same biome can occur in geographically distinct areas with similar climates.

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At any given place on Earth, complex human-environment interactions are at play, which include differing rates and magnitudes of drivers (e.g. overgrazing, climate change, agricultural practices) and consequences (e.g. soil erosion,changes in productivity, loss of biodiversity). Because these are tied to specific places on the ground with their own intertwined biophysical, social, economic and political environments, land degradation is not a phenomenon that can be modelled or mapped at a global scale. WAD3 builds on a systematic framework of providing a convergence of reliable,global evidence of human environment interactions to identify local or regional areas of concern where land degradation processes may be underway. Concerns can be validated or dismissed only by evaluating them within local biophysical, social, economic and political contexts. Local context provides an understanding of causes and consequences of degradation, but also offers guidance for efforts to control or reverse it.

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This map shows the number of threatened mammals in country assessed by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and documented in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species TM (RLTS). Country summary statistics are expert based as reported by the IUCN in their summary tables: https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/summarystatistics

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This map provides the geolocation of all sites that have received funding in the frame of a project - or an activity within a project- within the last 20 years or so. It specifies if the site is protected or not. A project usually includes several sites. By clicking on a site, further information is provided on (1) the name, total budget, timeframe and status of the project and (2) the donor and implementing agency. Targeted actions can be education/awareness, land/water management, land/water protection, species management, law and policy, livelihood/economic and other incentives, external capacity building. By clicking on the project, the type of action is specified, and the funding.

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Humans need increasingly more biomass for food, fodder, fiber and energy. In Africa, circa 22% of the vegetated land surface showed a decline or unstable land productivity between 1999 and 2013. Persistent reduction of land productivity points to long-term alteration of the health and productive capacity of the land, which are characteristic of land degradation. It has impact on ecosystem services and benefits, thus on the sustainable livelihoods of human communities. This map shows the dynamics of (vegetated) land productivity over a time period, in other terms the trajectories of above-ground biomass. It reflect changes in ecosystem functioning e.g. vegetation growth cycles due to natural variation and/or human intervention, and can be associated with processes of land degradation or recovery. The 5 classes depict two levels of persistent productivity decline, one level of instability or stress in capacity, one level of stable productivity and one level of increased productivity.

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Industrial mature oil palm plantation in Country (v1) Smallholder mature oil palm plantation in Country (v2)

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Competition over limited water resources is one of the main concerns for the coming decades. Although water issues alone have not been the sole trigger for warfare in the past, tensions over freshwater management and use represent one of the main concerns in political relations between riparian states and may exacerbate existing tensions, increase regional instability and social unrest. Previous studies made great efforts to understand how international water management problems were addressed by actors in a more cooperative or confrontational way. In this study, we analyze what are the pre-conditions favoring the insurgence of water management issues in shared water bodies, rather than focusing on the way water issues are then managed among actors. We do so by proposing an innovative analysis of past episodes of conflict and cooperation over transboundary water resources (jointly defined as “hydro-political interactions”). On the one hand, we aim at highlighting the factors that are more relevant in determining water interactions across political boundaries. On the other hand, our objective is to map and monitor the evolution of the likelihood of experiencing hydro-political interactions over space and time, under changing socioeconomic and biophysical scenarios, through a spatially explicit data driven index. Historical cross-border water interactions were used as indicators of the magnitude of corresponding water joint-management issues. These were correlated with information about river basin freshwater availability, climate stress, human pressure on water resources, socioeconomic conditions (including institutional development and power imbalances), and topographic characteristics. This analysis allows for identification of the main factors that determine water interactions, such as water availability, population density, power imbalances, and climatic stressors. The proposed model was used to map at high spatial resolution the probability of experiencing hydro-political interactions worldwide. This baseline outline is then compared to four distinct climate and population density projections aimed to estimate trends for hydro-political interactions under future conditions (2050 and 2100), while considering two greenhouse gases emission scenarios (moderate and extreme climate change). The combination of climate and population growth dynamics is expected to impact negatively on the overall hydro-political risk by increasing the likelihood of water interactions in the transboundary river basins, with an average increase ranging between 74.9% (2050 – population and moderate climate change) to 95% (2100 - population and extreme climate change). Future demographic and climatic conditions are expected to exert particular pressure on already water stressed basins such as the Nile, the Ganges/Brahmaputra, the Indus, the Tigris/Euphrates, and the Colorado. The results of this work allow us to identify current and future areas where water issues are more likely to arise, and where cooperation over water should be actively pursued to avoid possible tensions especially under changing environmental conditions. From a policy perspective, the index presented in this study can be used to provide a sound quantitative basis to the assessment of the Sustainable Development Goal 6, Target 6.5 “Water resources management”, and in particular to indicator 6.5.2 “Transboundary cooperation”

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The deforestation year is the year when the TMF has been deforested for the first time (followed or not by a regrowth).

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The transition map captures the sequential dynamics of changes by providing transition stages from the initial observation period to the end of the year 2019. It depicts five main land cover types with a few sub-types: (i) remaining undisturbed moist forests (including the mangroves), (ii) degraded forests with two sub-types corresponding mostly to either logged or burned forests, (iii) young forest regrowth, (iv) deforested land that includes three subcategories of converted land cover: (a) water bodies (new dams and river flow changes); (b) tree plantations; and (c) other land cover that includes infrastructure, agriculture and mining, and (v) non-TMF cover (including afforestation).

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The Water Occurrence dataset shows where surface water occurred between 1984 and 2018 and provides information concerning overall water dynamics. This product captures both the intra and inter-annual variability and changes. The occurrence is a measurement of the water presence frequency (expressed as a percentage of the available observations over time actually identified as water). The provided occurrence accommodates for variations in data acquisition over time (i.e. temporal deepness and frequency density of the satellite observations) in order to provide a consistent characterization of the water dynamic over time.

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Turbidity is an indicator of water clarity, quantifying the haziness of the water and acting as an indicator of underwater light availability. Light penetration may or may not be sufficient to support the growth of aquatic plants and adversely affect fish and shellfish populations. Mangroves are known to reduce the turbidity of waters. The data show the total percentage deviation, from a baseline, for turbidity and trophic state. A five year baseline (2006- 2010), per lake, has been produced for both parameters. This is used to measure change against recent years (2017-2019). The data represent the number of lakes impacted by a degradation of their environmental conditions (i.e. showing a deviation in turbidity and trophic state from the baseline) compared to the total number of lakes within a country. The values produced account for different sized lakes.

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Reservoir dynamics: Annual extent of reservoir surface water area.

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